Can You Truly Ever Escape - 2156 Words

Can you truly ever escape? In ancient times, the need to know what is to come can be best exhibited by exploring methods in which the Greeks answers their questions for the future. â€Å"This desire was interwoven within the everyday life of the ancient Greeks, derived from the numerous oracles which were prevalent in ancient Greece as well as from stories which showed the confidence that people of that era had in prophecies.† (Kane) Prophets and prophetesses played a significant role in Greek literature from the time of Homer. For instance, the mythological blind prophet Tiresias was an infallible source of information for the Greeks and appears frequently in Greek tragedy. The most memorable of his warnings was in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, king of Thebes that he was the land’s pollution. The prophet Tiresias spoke the truth about Oedipus—â€Å"God within reckon that out, and if you find me mistaken, say I have no skill in prophecy†Ã¢â‚¬â€denouncing the tragedy, as the a ngry Oedipus begins his painful search for the truth about himself. However, the prophecy is Oedipus’s ultimate demise. Oedipus fought the limits of free will by ignoring social ques, and even disbelieving respected characters, but was never able to escape his fate. â€Å"The Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines fate as ‘the development of events outside a person’s control, regarded as predetermined by a supernatural power.’ This, therefore, would pose opposition to free will, defined as ‘the power of acting withoutShow MoreRelated Ednas Escape The Awakening Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesEdnas Escape The Awakening Edna’s Escape The ending of Kate Chopin’s The Awakening is both controversial and thought provoking. Many see Edna Pontellier’s suicide as the final stage of her â€Å"awakening†, and the only way that she will ever be able to truly be free. Edna’s suicide, however, is nothing more than her final attempt to escape from her life. Edna Pontellier’s life has become too much for her to handle, and by committing suicide she is simply escaping the oppression she feels fromRead More Love and Agony in A Farewell to Arms Essay935 Words   |  4 Pageswar were really like that?    Its not. Its war. Ernest Hemingways, A Farewell to Arms is a book about war. As a reader, when I start reading a book about death, blood, guts, and destruction, I typically will not expect a Cinderella Happily Ever After, aw, isnt that sweet? ending. But, isnt it a love story? Well, yes, its love in war. Let us not forget the circumstances that surround and confine this love. Is the tragic ending of the novel thus valid? Well, yes- it is war, after allRead MoreLiterature : A Road For Victory1156 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom it as pos-sible†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Murakami). What better way to escape than to read that favorite book of yours. Don’t have a favorite book? Well, let me introduce you to the wonderful world of literature. Like many others out there today, one may think reading is boring. I’d like to think that is only because they have not found that one book that catches their attention. It is sort of like those who judge food without trying it; you don’t know un til you try it. Being forced to read a book in high school isRead MoreFrankenstein And Mary Shelly : The Definition Of Literature823 Words   |  4 PagesThere is no one definition of literature. Nothing about this term—which is so vital to our lives—can be placed into that black and white corner that this question endeavors to force it into. What is literature? What is the feeling of experiencing life through another set of eyes? What is it like having your very soul poured out and sorted out into words on a page? What is that feeling? Traditionally, when I contemplate literature, I recall the beloved classics of William Shakespeare or Jane AustenRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1656 Words   |  7 Pagesthese adjectives do not fairly denote who a hero truly is. Can you ever consider an outcast a hero?... living within the norms and ideas of society that may reject his/her own philosophy, an outcast that may just be eagerly fighting, both physically and mentally to convey what others cannot see. It’s time we realized that a hero can be derive from distinctive ideas or norms build within society, but the characteristic that one must contained to truly be derived or look upon as a hero†¦ is love†¦ theRead MoreA Child Called It : A Truly Touching And Inspirational Story Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesA Child Called â€Å"It†- a truly touching and inspirational story that takes the reader on an emotional rollercoaster. Anger, shock, fear, and heartbreak are just a few of the emotions felt while reading the story of a young boy who fought for his life each and every day. David, the young boy facing unimaginable circumstances, did many things out of the ordinary for a child of his age but necessary in order for survival. In part of his fight for his life every day, David was forced to steal food oneRead MoreAnalysis of The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wylde757 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of The Importance of Being Earnest: A Trivia Comedy for Serious People Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest is a satirical comedy, in which the characters create a double life to escape the burdens of the many social obligations imposed by late Victorian London society. The play repeatedly derides even the most sensitive social customs of the Victorian period, such as love and the institution of marriage. The protagonists, Algernon and Ernest, demonstrate Wilde’s suggestion ofRead MoreHarrison Bergeron Essay: Society Is Not Equal883 Words   |  4 PagesHarrison Bergeron Essay Have you ever wondered what the world would be like if everyone was legally forced into the governments opinion of equality? In Kurt Vonnegut Jr.s short story Harrison Bergeron, it is the year 2081 and the government has altered society to be mentally, physically and socially equal. The beautiful people are covered with hideous masks, the intelligent people wear ear pieces that let off loud obnoxious sounds at random to throw off there thought process and the strongRead MoreEscape in Tennessee Williams ´ The Glass Menagerie626 Words   |  3 Pages In Tennessee Williams drama The Glass Menagerie, Williams uses symbolism and foreshadowing to show how the little things in peoples lives can be the escape of the reality of daily problems that they may face, main example being Lauras glass figures. Story is introduced with Tom, the protagonist and narrator of the story. The other characters are his sister Laura, and his mother Amanda, who is the antagonist. An imperative element about the story is that it is not told in the narrators presentRead MoreZen Essay616 Words   |  3 Pageseasy thing. Finding the inspiration to accomplish the things that will make us feel like fulfilled human beings is not an simple task. Like a wise person once said Why is it that the deeper you go, the bigger it gets? What drives great men to do great things? What drives evil men to do evil things? How can I find the courage inside me to accomplish all that I want to do, much less, figure out what I want to do? Life is full of different choices, which i nevitably lead to different questions. Working

Contemporary Issues in Food and Nutrition for Adolescents

Contemporary Issues in Food and Nutrition for Adolescents The importance of establishing health promoting practices during childhood and adolescence has long been recognized by nutritionists and other health professionals. The purpose of this paper is to investigate further the issues relating to adolescents diets and contributing factors. Contributing factors include the increase of fast food consumption, unconventional meal patterns and lack of exercise. During adolescence, the influences on eating habits are numerous. The growing independence of adolescents, increased participation in social life and a generally busy schedule of activities have a great impact on food intake.ï ¿ ½In the September 2007 issue of Health Promotion†¦show more content†¦The survey found that only 20% of students were meeting the daily requirement of four serves of vegetables while 39% were eating the recommended three daily serves of fruit. Our survey found consumption of unhealthy/non-core foods was high, with 46% of students having fast food meals a t least twice a week, 51% eating snack foods four or more times per week, and 44% having high-energy drinks four or more times per week, states Dr Victoria White, from the Centre of Behavioural Research inShow MoreRelatedTo Eat or Not to Eat?758 Words   |  4 Pagesup on your own birthday. This is what happened to eight year old Emily Moore. It is estimated that a whopping eight million Americans have an eating disorder- seven million women and one million men (Stern). An eating disorder is an obsession with food and weight that harms the person’s well being (Ciotola). Eating disorders aren’t just going on a diet and losing a few pounds, it’s an illness. Some of the most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. A solution to eatingRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1703 Words   |  7 Pagesways that they may engage in their community. It is also said that â€Å"the media [is] undoubtedly the major contemporary [mean] of cultural ex pression and communication: to become an active participant in public life necessarily involves making use of the modern media. The media have now taken the place of the family, the church, and the school as the major socializing influence in contemporary society† (Buckingham 5). Quite often, friendships through media are merely extensions of existing, face-to-faceRead MoreResearch Methodology: Qualitative Methods of Data Collection Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesconstructionism. In this chapter, I will discuss the specific methodology I plan to use and the three different types of data collection I plan to employ to carry out my study. This study will use a qualitative approach to study and address the issue of the lack of healthy eating promotion in schools. The three types of data collection I plan to use are: direct observation, focus groups and a questionnaire. These methods will be clarified later in this chapter. Rationale for Qualitative Methodology Read MoreNutrition For Health And Development1615 Words   |  7 Pageshousehold food insecurity is one of the three underlying causes of malnutrition. At the international conference of nutrition (ICN) held in Rome in 1992, food security was defined in its most basic form as physical, social and economic access by all people at all times to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life. Thus, food insecurity exists when people lack access to sufficient amount of safe and nutritious food, thereforeRead MoreHealth and Nutrition Essay3549 Words   |  15 Pages | | |SCI/220 Version 7 | | |Human Nutrition | | |Group ID: NGEL12-3 | | Read MoreEating Disorders Are Serious Disorders2732 Words   |  11 Pagespsychological and the physiological well-being of the afflicted (Welch, Ghader, Swenne, 2015). Studies concerning eating disorders are showing more and more frequency in younger age groups and especially in those who are athletes, diabetics, and obese adolescents (Martin Golden, 2014). This tells us that symptoms of eating disorders can be caught and treated during adolescence. Today, many schools have very little class time dedicated to educating students about healthy lifestyles. Little, to no informationRead MoreCultural Factors Of Eating Disorders1696 Words   |  7 Pagesto change across time as cultures evolve. Additionally, eating disorders appear to be more widespread among contemporary cultural groups than was previously believed (Miller, 2010, para. 2). Miller (2010) also stated that a variety of American ethnic groups have higher levels of eating disorders than previously recognized. According to Miller (2014), a recent study of early adolescent girls found that Hispanic and Asian-American girls showed greater body dissatisfaction than Caucasian girls.Read MoreEpidemiology And Public Health Significance2485 Words   |  10 Pagesestimated that over 35% of adults aged 20 and over are considered to be obese.8 Of these adults approximately 3 in 4 men are considered to be overweight or obese, while the prevalence of obesity is similar for both men and women.8 Among children and adolescents ages 6 to 19 in the US, almost 33 % are considered to be overweight or obese, and 18.2 % are considered to be obese.8 Racial and ethnic differences also exist as approximately 25.7 % of black, 22.9 % of Hispanic, and 15.2 % of white youth are consideredRead MoreObesity Is A Growing Epidemic Among Men And Women2250 Words   |  9 Pagesrecent yea rs (Maggio, 2014). According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. The percentage of children aged 6–11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. Similarly, the percentage of adolescents aged 12–19 years who were obese increased from 5% to nearly 21% over the same period. In 2012, more than one third of children were overweight or obeseRead MoreModern Problems: Childhood Obesity2975 Words   |  12 Pagescommon issues that lead to childhood obesity include an increase in portion size of the foods eaten when away from home. Poor nutrition, described by eating habits also plays a role in causing childhood obesity. Poor nutrition incorporates intake of foods with high levels of calories while having minimal nutritional values. Choices made on foods influence health status of the consumer. This is a qualitative analysi s of the foods consumed. On the other hand, while considering the quantity of foods consumed

Parmalat free essay sample

How was it possible for Parmalat managers to â€Å"cook the books† and hide it for so long? Solution Parmalat was able to cook the books mainly due to the fact that Italy has a low level of accounting transparency. The story began in 1997, when Parmalat decided to become a global player and started a campaign of international acquisitions, especially in North and South America, financed through debt. Soon, Parmalat became the third largest cookie-maker in the United States. But such acquisitions, instead of bringing in profits, started, no later than 2001, to bring in red figures. Losing money on its productive activities, the company shifted more and more to the high-flying world of derivatives and other speculative enterprises. Parmalats founder and now former CEO Calisto Tanzi engaged the firm in several exotic enterprises, such as a tourism agency called Parmatour, and the purchase of the local soccer club Parma. Huge sums were poured into these two enterprises, which have been a loss from the very beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on Parmalat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has been reported that Parmatour, now closed, has a loss of at least EU  2 billion, an incredibly high figure for a tourist agency. The losses of the Parma soccer club are not yet fully known. Here, Parma insiders are pointing at what they call the Medellin Cartel connection—i. e. , the purchase of overpriced Colombian soccer players, and other extravagances. While accumulating losses, and with debts to the banks, Parmalat started to build a network of offshore mail-box companies, which were used to conceal losses, through a mirror-game which made them appear as assets or liquidity, while the company started to issue bonds in order to collect money. The security for such bonds was provided by the alleged liquidity represented by the offshore schemes. The New York-based Zini lawfirm named by Robbins has played a role. Through Zini, firms owned by Parmalat have been sold to certain American citizens with Italian surnames, only to be purchased again by Parmalat later. The whole operation was fake. The money for the sale in the first place came from other entities owned by Parmalat, and it served only to create liquidity in the books. 2. Investigate and discuss the role that international banks and auditors might have played in Parmalat’s collapse. Solution Clearly, international banks and auditors failed to do the due diligence, hereby indirectly contributing to the failure of Parmalat. The largest bond placers have been Bank of America, Citicorp, and J. P. Morgan. These banks, like their European and Italian partners, rated Parmalat bonds as sound financial paper, when they knew, or should have known, that they were worth nothing. While Bank of America has participated as a partner in some of Parmalats acquisitions, Citicorp is alleged to have built up the fraudulent accounting system. What strikes one is not only the dimension of the scheme, but the arrogance of its authors. For instance, one of the offshore mail-box firms used to channel the liquidity coming from the bond sales was called Buconero, which means black hole! Appropriately, the first class-action suit in the United States on the Parmalat case, filed by the South Alaskan Miners Pension Fund, is against Parmalat, its auditors, Bank of America, and Citicorp—and focusses on Buconero. The Parmalat fraud has been mainly implemented in New York, with the active role of the Zini legal firm and of Citibank, said San Diego lawyer Darren Robbins, a partner in the firm Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes Lerach, which is leading the class-action suit. We believe that Citigroup, by creating instruments like the sadly famous Buconero, has played a fundamental role in helping Parmalat to fake their balance sheets and hide their real financial situation. Former CEO Tanzi declared to prosecutors in Parma that the fraudulent bonds system was fully the banks idea. Parmalats former financial manager, Fausto Tonna, counterfeited Parmalats balance sheets in order to provide security for the bonds, but it was the banks which proposed it to Tonna, Tanzi declared. Tanzis version has been so far confirmed by Luciano Spilingardi, head of Cassa di Risparmio di Parma and member of the Parmalat board. Bond issues were ordered by the banks, Spilingardi said to prosecutors, according to leaks published in the daily La Repubblica. I remember, Spilingardi says, that one of the last issues, of 150 million euros, was presented to the board meeting as an explicit request by a foreign bank, which was ready to subscribe the entire bond. If I remember correctly, it was Deutsche Bank. Spilingardi says that he expressed perplexity about the proposal, because a previous bond issue of EU  600 million had failed, in the Spring of 2003, causing a 10% fall of Parmalat stocks in one day. But the request was accepted, and the last Parmalat bond, issued in summer 2003, made its way to the Cayman Islands black hole. At the moment of Parmalats default, in December 2003, the financial manager of Parmalat was no longer Tonna, who had left after the failed bond issue in the spring. He has been replaced by Alberto Ferraris, who comes from Citibank. In June 2003, before the last bond issue ordered by Deutsche Bank, Parmalats board gained a new member: Luca Sala, a top manager coming from Bank of America. On Dec. 9, as rumors spread that Parmalats claimed liquidity was not there, Standard Poors finally downgraded Parmalat bonds to junk status, and in the next few days, Parmalat stocks fell 40%. On Dec. 12, the Parmalat management somehow found the money to pay the bond, but on Dec. 19 came the end: Bank of America announced that an account with allegedly $3. 9 billion in liquidity, claimed by Parmalat at BoA, did not exist. In one shot, the bankruptcy was revealed, and Parmalat stocks fell an additional 66%. Later, Tonna would confess that he had faked BoA documents, using a scanner, scissors, and glue, to invent such a $3. 9 billion account, a version which is still the official one. 3. Study and Discuss Italy’s corporate governance regime and its role in the failure of Parmalat. Solution Italy has a weak corporate governance regime that does not provide a strong protection of outside shareholders. The majority of public firms are dominated by large controlling shareholders who are often the founding families. The lack of independent board of directors also contributed to the implosion of Parmalat. Q. What would you do if you were a manager? According to me, when businesses behave unethically, they act in ways that have a harmful effect on others and in ways that are morally unacceptable to the larger community. This is very serious because corporate power and impact are increasing as corporations become larger. In Parmalat case senior managers have engaged in improper bookkeeping, making company look more financially profitable than they actually are. As a consequence the stockholder value of the company increases, and anyone with stock profits irectly. Among those profiting will be those making the decisions to manipulate the accounts—and so there is a conflict of interest. However, the fallout from the downfall of Parmalat affected stockholders, employees, and society at large negatively, with innocent people losing their retirement reserves and/or savings, and employees losing t heir jobs. Behaving ethically is clearly key to the long-term sustainability of any business. Focusing on the social and environmental as well as the economic impact of a company provides the basis for sound stakeholder relationships that can sustain a business into the future.

Sexism and Racism in the 1930s free essay sample

Sexism in the 1930’s In the period of the 1930s in America there were lots of forms of discrimination: one of them was sexism. Women were not seen as equal to men: they had fewer rights than men, were paid less and most of them were only allowed to take care of domestic chores. In that period of time, women started realising how submitted they were to men, so they began having ideas on how they could improve their lives and gain more independence. Most single women worked for a living, and so did a lot of married women. The number of married women going out to work increased during the 1930s because many women were trying to keep their families afloat. Some people objected to married women working, because they thought they were taking jobs from single women who needed to support themselves. Many school boards for instance refused to hire married women teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexism and Racism in the 1930s or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But in spite of this, the number of working married women increased steadily throughout the 30s. Despite this, only around 24.3% of women worked. 3 out of 10 women had a job relating to domestic or personal services, such as being a secretary, maid or clerk. This was due to the fact that women were generally denied influential jobs, instead relegated to lesser occupations. Women did get the vote in America in 1920. However, black women, like black men, were often prevented from voting in the south by the poll tax, literacy laws, threats, intimidation, and outright violence. Racism in the 1930s The 1930s were a turbulent time for race relations in America. Despite the decline of such organizations as the Ku Klux Klan, which had enjoyed renewed support during the 1910s and 1920s, racism was as strong as ever in the Southern states. Furthermore, the increased presence of Black Americans in cities (where many had migrated during WWII and especially during the Depression) resulted in increased tension. In the 1930’s about 11.9 million African Americans lived in the United States. Starting from the 1700’s, racism reached its peak in the 1930’s causing blacks to fight for the right to be treated equally. The treatment that African Americans received from the Whites was awful, leading to a sense of inferiority. Not only were they  denied the right to receive a good education, constitutional rights were virtually non-existent for blacks. The Great Depression of the 1930s was catastrophic for all workers. But as usual, Blacks suffered worse, pushed out of unskilled jobs previously scorned by whites before the depression. Blacks faced unemployment of 50 percent or more, compared with about 30 percent for whites. Furthermore, Black wages were at least 30 percent, on average, below those of white workers, who themselves were barely at the edge of poverty. In the 1930’s blacks had no civil rights: land ownership was possible, though very limited. Blacks were not allowed to serve in any political positions on any level. Formal education was not provided. It was illegal for blacks to read books or go to any school or library. Other tactics were also used to further oppress blacks, such as derogatory name calling and legal, physical abuse which could possibly result in death (such as from lynching). 40% of the lynching’s that happened to blacks were due to false accusations from the white populace.

Free Essays on Compares 3 Economic Sociologists

There must be more to life than having everything. -Maurice Sendak But isn’t â€Å"everything† the ultimate utility basket? Doesn’t â€Å"having everything† include animate objects as well as the inanimate? The setbacks as well as achieving success? Milton and Rose Friedman suggest in their book, Free to Choose, that this status of possession is not attainable. The Friedmans offer their view of how sociologic and governmental factors positively and negatively affect the economy, and with it, the utility of individuals. Who is really in charge? Can anyone be held responsible for the countless interactions that take place between individuals everyday? The â€Å"technique of coordinating the activities of large numbers of people† is a â€Å"command that must be supplemented by voluntary cooperation† (Friedman, 1980: 9). Individuals are selfish by nature and may cause an economy to suffer if those governing are doing so by undisclosed yet suggestive activity. It is argued that any economy in which voluntary exchange is not principle will fail as no room is allotted for opulence or autonomy (Friedman, 1980: 11). The price system in a free market is a major contributor to the stability and peaceful operation of an economy. An exchange between individuals is simplified and hastened (but not necessarily more efficient as will be argued later) by a stuck price level. The buyer and seller partake in actions that each believes is personally beneficial. In doing so, each is closer to obt aining his/her ultimate utility basket. The Friedmans break down the main performance functions of prices: transmit information, incentive to be efficient, distribution of income (Friedman, 1980: 14). It is also suggested that government regulation and policy have always played a substantial role in hindering the benefits of these functions (Friedman, 1980: 17) thus negatively effecting the public. In order to aid voluntary exchange, the fre... Free Essays on Compares 3 Economic Sociologists Free Essays on Compares 3 Economic Sociologists There must be more to life than having everything. -Maurice Sendak But isn’t â€Å"everything† the ultimate utility basket? Doesn’t â€Å"having everything† include animate objects as well as the inanimate? The setbacks as well as achieving success? Milton and Rose Friedman suggest in their book, Free to Choose, that this status of possession is not attainable. The Friedmans offer their view of how sociologic and governmental factors positively and negatively affect the economy, and with it, the utility of individuals. Who is really in charge? Can anyone be held responsible for the countless interactions that take place between individuals everyday? The â€Å"technique of coordinating the activities of large numbers of people† is a â€Å"command that must be supplemented by voluntary cooperation† (Friedman, 1980: 9). Individuals are selfish by nature and may cause an economy to suffer if those governing are doing so by undisclosed yet suggestive activity. It is argued that any economy in which voluntary exchange is not principle will fail as no room is allotted for opulence or autonomy (Friedman, 1980: 11). The price system in a free market is a major contributor to the stability and peaceful operation of an economy. An exchange between individuals is simplified and hastened (but not necessarily more efficient as will be argued later) by a stuck price level. The buyer and seller partake in actions that each believes is personally beneficial. In doing so, each is closer to obt aining his/her ultimate utility basket. The Friedmans break down the main performance functions of prices: transmit information, incentive to be efficient, distribution of income (Friedman, 1980: 14). It is also suggested that government regulation and policy have always played a substantial role in hindering the benefits of these functions (Friedman, 1980: 17) thus negatively effecting the public. In order to aid voluntary exchange, the fre...

F-4 Phantom II in the Vietnam War

F-4 Phantom II in the Vietnam War In 1952, McDonnell Aircraft began internal studies to determine which service branch was most in need of a new aircraft. Led by Preliminary Design Manager Dave Lewis, the team found that the US Navy would soon require a new attack aircraft to replace the F3H Demon. The designer of the Demon, McDonnell began revising the aircraft in 1953, with the goal of improving performance and capabilities. Creating the Superdemon, which could achieve Mach 1.97 and was powered by twin General Electric J79 engines, McDonnell also created an aircraft that was modular in that different cockpits and nose cones could be affixed to the fuselage depending on desired mission. The US Navy was intrigued by this concept and requested a full-scale mock-up of the design. Assessing the design, it ultimately passed as it was satisfied with the supersonic fighters already in development such as the Grumman F-11 Tiger and Vought F-8 Crusader.  Ã‚   Design Development Altering the design to make the new aircraft an all-weather fighter-bomber featuring 11 external hardpoints, McDonnell received a letter of intent for two prototypes, designated YAH-1, on October 18, 1954. Meeting with the US Navy the following May, McDonnell was handed a new set of requirements calling for an all-weather fleet interceptor as the service had aircraft to fulfill the fighter and strike roles. Setting to work, McDonnell developed the XF4H-1 design. Powered by two J79-GE-8 engines, the new aircraft saw the addition of a second crewman to serve as a radar operator. In laying out the XF4H-1, McDonnell placed the engines low in the fuselage similar to its earlier F-101 Voodoo and employed variable geometry ramps in the intakes to regulate airflow at supersonic speeds. Following extensive wind tunnel testing, the outer sections of the wings were given  12 ° dihedral (upward angle) and the tailplane  23 ° anhedral (downward angle). Additionally, a dogtooth indentation was inserted in the wings to enhance control at higher angles of attack. The results of these alterations gave the XF4H-1 a distinctive look. Utilizing titanium in the airframe, the XF4H-1s all-weather capability was derived from the inclusion of the AN/APQ-50 radar. As the new aircraft was intended as an interceptor rather than a fighter, early models possessed nine external hardpoints for missiles and bombs, but no gun. Dubbed the Phantom II, the US Navy ordered two XF4H-1 test aircraft and five YF4H-1 pre-production fighters in July 1955. Taking Flight On May 27, 1958, the type made its maiden flight with Robert C. Little at the controls. Later that year, the XF4H-1 entered into competition with the single-seat Vought XF8U-3. An evolution of the F-8 Crusader, the Vought entry was defeated by the XF4H-1 as the US Navy preferred the latters performance and that the workload was split between two crew members. After additional testing, the F-4 entered production and commenced  carrier suitability trials in early 1960. Early in production, the aircrafts radar was upgraded to the more powerful  Westinghouse AN/APQ-72. Specifications (F-4E Phantom II) General Length: 63 ft.Wingspan: 38 ft. 4.5 in.Height: 16 ft. 6 in.Wing Area: 530 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 30,328 lbs.Loaded Weight: 41,500 lbs.Crew: 2 Performance Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" General Electric J79-GE-17A axial compressor turbojetsCombat Radius: 367 nautical milesMax. Speed: 1,472 mph (Mach 2.23)Ceiling: 60,000 ft. Armament 1 x M61 Vulcan 20 mm Gatling cannonUp to 18,650 lbs. of weapons on nine external hardpoints, including air-to-air missiles, air-to-ground missiles, and most types of bombs Operational History Setting several aviation records just prior to and in the years after introduction, the F-4 became operational on December 30, 1960, with VF-121. As the US Navy transitioned to the aircraft in the early 1960s, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara pushed to create a single fighter for all branches of the military. Following an F-4Bs victory over the F-106 Delta Dart in Operation Highspeed, the US Air Force requested two of the aircraft, dubbing them the F-110A Spectre. Evaluating the aircraft, the USAF developed requirements for their own version with an emphasis on the fighter-bomber role. Vietnam Adopted by the USAF in 1963, their initial variant was dubbed the F-4C. With the US entry in the Vietnam War, the F-4 became one of the most identifiable aircraft of the conflict. US Navy F-4s flew their first combat sortie as part of Operation Pierce Arrow on August 5, 1964. The F-4s first air-to-air victory occurred the following April when Lieutenant (j.g.) Terence M. Murphy and his radar intercept officer, Ensign Ronald Fegan, downed a Chinese MiG-17. Flying primarily in the fighter/interceptor role, US Navy F-4s downed 40 enemy aircraft to a loss of five of their own. An additional 66 were lost to missiles and ground fire. Also flown by the US Marine Corps, the F-4 saw service from both carriers and land bases during the conflict. Flying ground support missions, USMC F-4s claimed three kills while losing 75 aircraft, mostly to ground fire. Though the latest adopter of the F-4, the USAF became its largest user. During Vietnam, USAF F-4s fulfilled both air superiority and ground support roles. As F-105 Thunderchief losses grew, the F-4 carried more and more of the ground support burden and by the end of the war was the USAFs primary all-around aircraft. To support this change in mission, specially equipped and trained F-4 Wild Weasel squadrons were formed with the first deploying in late 1972. In addition, a photo reconnaissance variant, the RF-4C, was used by four squadrons. During the Vietnam War, the USAF lost a total of 528 F-4s (of all types) to enemy action with the majority being down by anti-aircraft fire or surface-to-air missiles. In exchange, USAF F-4s downed 107.5 enemy aircraft. The five aviators (2 US Navy, 3 USAF) credited with ace status during the Vietnam War all flew the F-4. Changing Missions Following Vietnam, the F-4 remained the principal aircraft for both the US Navy and USAF. Through the 1970s, the US Navy began replacing the F-4 with the new F-14 Tomcat. By 1986, all F-4s had been retired from frontline units. The aircraft remained in service with the USMC until 1992, when the last airframe was replaced by the F/A-18 Hornet. Through the 1970s and 1980s, the USAF transitioned to the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon. During this time, the F-4 was retained in its Wild Weasel and reconnaissance role. These two latter types, the F-4G Wild Weasel V and RF-4C, deployed to the Middle East in 1990, as part of Operation Desert Shield/Storm. During operations, the F-4G played a key role in suppressing Iraqi air defenses, while the RF-4C collected valuable intelligence. One of each type was lost during the conflict, one to damage from ground fire and the other to an accident. The final USAF F-4 was retired in 1996, however several are still in use as target drones. Issues As the F-4 was initially intended as an interceptor, it was not equipped with a gun as planners believed that air-to-air combat at supersonic speeds would be fought exclusively with missiles. The fighting over Vietnam soon showed that engagements quickly became subsonic, turning battles which often precluded the use of air-to-air missiles. In 1967, USAF pilots began mounting external gunpods on their aircraft, however the lack of a leading gunsight in the cockpit made them highly inaccurate. This issue was addressed with the addition of an integrated 20 mm M61 Vulcan gun to the F-4E model in the late 1960s. Another problem that frequently arose with the aircraft was the production of black smoke when the engines were run at military power. This smoke trail made the aircraft easy to spot. Many pilots found ways to avoid producing the smoke by running one engine on afterburner and the other at reduced power. This provided an equivalent amount of thrust, without the telltale smoke trail. This issue was addressed with the Block 53 group of the F-4E which included smokeless J79-GE-17C (or -17E) engines. Other Users The second-most produced Western jet fighter in history with 5,195 units, the F-4 was extensively exported. Nations that have flown the aircraft include Israel, Great Britain, Australia, and Spain. While many have since retired the F-4, the aircraft has been modernized and is still use (as of 2008) by Japan, Germany, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Iran, and South Korea.

Chapter 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 2 - Assignment Example vantages of operating necessity model are that the main project is put on the course by preventing threats though it may reduce the money spend on funding the main project (Page47) Some of the desired result of applying project portfolio process is among other factors; to ensure fewer projects are selected thus easier to manage them, to help reduce competition among the projects and ensuring that the projects selected contribute to the organization’s strategy. To ensure projects benefits are more than the cost and that the projects selected have few risks and to ensure the project is monitored closely. Most firms tend to use SWOT analysis i.e. they can manage their projects basing on their strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The Project portfolio process tends to bring together the goals and strategy of the organization with the project in the context (Page 65). The steps in project portfolio entail; establishing a project council, which should be made up of managers who will spearhead the project and help to plan on how the objectives of the projects will be achieved. The council will be responsible for the funding of the project and allocation of the resources to the various projects in the context. Identifying project categories and criteria comprises subdividing the project i.e. those that are very good and those that are less important. Different criteria’s are used to help evaluate their relative importance. Goals of the projects purpose and missions are listed and discussed to help determine how the goals will be achieved. Assessing resource availability entail; looking into both external and internal resources. Labor resources should also be evaluated and the human resource manager should be able to consider other human needs, In other words, human beings should not be allowed to work continuously over a long time. They should be accorded time to relax. Step 5 entails reducing the project and the criteria set i.e. the number of